Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a complex cancer that arises from the initial infection of an appropriate endothelial or progenitorcell by Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus-8 (KSHV/HHV8). However, the majority of KS cases occur wheninfected patients also suffer from some coincident form of immune deregulation, providing a favorable microenvironmentfor tumor development. Cellular hallmarks of KS progression include both the hyper-proliferation of KSHV-infectedcells and the infiltration of immune modulatory cells into KS lesions, which together result in chronic inflammation,the induction of angiogenesis and tumor growth. This review describes the current understanding of the interactionsbetween KSHV and host responses that result in this unusual cancer, along with existing treatments and prospects forfuture therapeutic approaches.

Loss of elastic properties, the introduction of tractional forces, and shortening of the plica-limbal distance (the distance between the nasal limbus and the semilunar plica bottom in full abduction) are common anatomical abnormalities in eyes of patients with primary medial pterygium. In this study, we assessed whether, and to which degree the latter phenomenon correlated with the presence of pterygium.Methods and findings: Plica-limbal distance was measured using a slit lamp in individuals who came for routine eye examination, and was related to pterygium size, as well as to patients’ gender and age. Data were expressed as means (95% CI). Eighty-three males and 118 females were enrolled in the study. There were 49 eyes from patients with unilateral pterygium, 84 from patients with bilateral pterygium, and 220 from individuals who did not suffer from either uni- or bilateral pterygium. The mean plica-limbal distance in eyes with pterygium (7.3 mm, 95% CI: 6.9 – 7.7 mm) was significantly shorter than that in eyes without pterygium (9.9 mm, 95% CI: 9.7 – 10.1 mm). Plica-limbal distance correlated inversely with pterygium size (r2 = 0.32, p 0.0001), was not related to gender, but decreased with increasing age in both individuals with and without pterygium.Conclusion: Our results suggest that plica-limbal distance correlated inversely with the presence of pterygium. This finding may have important consequences for the identification of individuals at risk, as well as for improvement of the treatment of this condition.

To find out the knowledge of FGC among parents in south west Nigeria. Study design: Descriptive crosssectionalsurvey method was used to conduct the study.

As a normal flora in the upper respiratory tract, Corynebacterium (C.) pseudodiptheriticum is not often considered as the causative bacterium for community-acquired pneumonia. Findings: In this case report, a patient with bronchiectasis was initially suspected as being infected with Mycobacterium avium. When antibiotic treatment was not successful, bronchial alveolar lavage was obtained for microbiological culturing. Once C. pseudodiptheriticum was recovered from this less-frequently requested respiratory sample, its antibiotic susceptibility profile was obtained to allow appropriate antimicrobial intervention to arrest the infection. The patient experienced full recovery